임신과 흡연 (Smoking during Pregnancy) - 의학 (Medicine)

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====== 임신과 흡연 (Smoking during Pregnancy)======

[[흡연]]은 일반인도 좋지 않은 습관이다. 여러 가지 암, 심장병, 뇌혈관 질환등과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.

[[med:임신|임산부]]도 마찬가지 이다. 더욱이 임신부의 경우는 흡연으로 인해 저 체중아, 신생아 사망률 증가, 학습능력저하, 조기 태반박리 등으로 인한 사산 등의 심각한 문제가 생길 수 있다.

- [[med:태아_발달|태아]]에게 공급되는 산소의 양을 줄인다.
  - 태아의 심장박동을 증가시킨다.

=====합병증=====
  - [[med:유산]] 과 [[med:stillbirth|]] 을 증가시킨다. 
  - [[med:preterm_labor|조산]]과 저체중을 유발한다. (평균 300g 감소)
  - 신생아의 호흡기 질환을 증가시킨다.
  - 기형아 발생을 증가시킨다. (약 2배)
  - [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]을 증가시킨다.

=====참고문헌=====
  * Systematic and meta-analytic review of research examining the impact of menstrual cycle phase and ovarian hormones on smoking and cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015 Apr;17(4):407-21.
  * The 2014 Surgeon General's report: commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General and updating the evidence on the health consequences of cigarette smoking. Am J Epidemiol. 2014 Feb 15;179(4):403-12.
  * Differences in age at death according to smoking and age at menopause. Menopause 2015; doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000501.
  * Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion
  * The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine
  * American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
  * DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1146
  * The effects of smoked nicotine on measures of subjective States and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. J Addict Med. 2015 May-Jun;9(3):195-203.
  * Does maternal smoking have a negative physiological effect on breastfeeding? The epidemiological evidence. Breastfeed Rev. 2003 Jul;11(2):19-29.
  * Breastfeeding and Smoking: Short-term Effects on Infant Feeding and Sleep. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep; 120(3): 497？502.
  * Tobacco smoke causes premature skin aging. J Dermatol Sci.2007 Dec;48(3):169-75.
  * Molecular basis of tobacco smoke-induced premature skin aging. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc.2009 Aug;14(1):53-5.
  * Association between urine cotinine levels and bone mineral density in lumbar spine and femoral neck among adult males. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Feb 15;39(4):311-7.
  * Dose-related effect of urinary cotinine levels on bone mineral density among Korean females.
  * Osteoporos Int. 2013 Apr;24(4):1339-46.
  * Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190(Suppl 4):5.
  * Treating tobacco dependence in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007 Oct;16(8):1211-8.
  * Smoking during pregnancy in France between 1972 to 2003: results from the national perinatal surveys. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris).
  * 2011;40(1):42？.49.
  * Smoking Patterns and Receipt of Cessation Services Among Pregnant Women in Argentina and Uruguay. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015, 1-10
  * Smoking cessation in pregnancy: A review of postpartum relapse prevention strategies. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004;17:264.
  * Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day. Tobacco control. 2005;14(5):315？20.
  * The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):133？41.
  * Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Nov;154(2):213-24.
  * Smoking during pregnancy in France between 1972 to 2003: results from the national perinatal surveys. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2011;40(1):42？.49.
  * Smoking Patterns and Receipt of Cessation Services Among Pregnant Women in Argentina and Uruguay. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015, 1-10
  * Smoking cessation in pregnancy: A review of postpartum relapse prevention strategies. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004;17:264.

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